After the Franks occupied the city of Jerusalem in 1099, Palestine came under Frankish rule, and the Latin Kingdom was established in Jerusalem. The conflict continued between the Franks, the Zengid family, and the Ayyubids until it ended with the defeat of the Franks in the Battle of Hattin in the year 1187 at the hands of the leader Saladin. Control over the city of Jerusalem and other Palestinian cities was restored, and part of the coastal strip remained under Frankish control until the Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil bin Qalawun was able to expel the Franks from their last strongholds in Acre and the Levantine coast in the year 1291.

Palestinian cities were rebuilt during the Mamluk period, and schools, hospices, and hospitals were established. In 1516, Palestine and the Levant came under Ottoman control, which lasted for nearly four centuries. This period witnessed the rebuilding of cities, castles, and fortresses, most notably the construction of the walls of the city of Jerusalem and its citadel, and the repair of Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock.

With the weakness of Ottoman central power in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some independent tendencies emerged in Palestine, represented by the emergence of some semi-independent emirates. Such as Prince Zahir al-Omar in the eighteenth century, and Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar, who made Acre his headquarters and repelled the French invasion led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. Palestine remained part of the Ottoman Empire until the end of World War I in 1918.

Then Palestine fell under British occupation, which paved the way for the implementation of the colonial Balfour Declaration to establish a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, and the issuance of the partition decision, establishing an Arab state and a Jewish state on the land of Palestine, and the Palestinian people resisted the British mandate. The Nakba of 1948 led to the uprooting of about a million Palestinians from their lands and homes and turning them into refugees in various parts of the earth, until the Palestine Liberation Organization began in 1964 to work to liberate Palestine.

In 1967, following the Jizan War, the Zionist movement completed the occupation of the rest of the historical lands of Palestine in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and also occupied the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.

The Palestinian people continued to resist the Zionist occupation and persistently strive to achieve their freedom and right to self-determination. The establishment of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994 was an important step on the path to establishing his independent state on his homeland